Needle ice

It is very cold again today.
The temperature outside the center early this morning was -7°C.
In this environment, ice columns called “needle ice” can form. Such ice can be seen very early on cold mornings.
Needle ice forms when water in the ground freezes. However it is different from the frost that forms when moisture in the air freezes.
When the ground’s surface is cooled by changes in the temperature, water in the ground moves up to the surface.
When this water freezes and grows at the surface, the result is needle ice. Today I saw needle ice of over 10 cm in length covering a wide area.
Photos: Needle ice Oct. 23